遗传学 名词解释96653.doc

Homologous chromosome 同源染色体: two chromosomes, one of paternal origin, the other of maternal origin, that are identical in appearance and pair during meiosis Inbreeding, consanguineous marriage近亲婚配: the mating of closely related individuals or of individuals having closely similar genetic constitutions. Multiple alleles 复等位基因: three or more alleles of the same gene in homologous chromosome Genome, chromosome set 染色体组: the complete set of genes in the chromosomes of each cell of a specific organism, the complement of genetic information in a chromosome set. Gene 基因: the unit of heredity that is made of a DNA sequence occupying a specific location on a chromosome and codes for a polypeptide chain. Genotype 基因型: the genetic constitution of an organism, the genetic information carried by a pair of alleles which determines a particular characteristic. Heterozygote 异形合子genetic disease 遗传病: a general term for any disorder caused by a genetic mechanism, comprising chromosome aberrations, mendelian disorders, and multifactorial disorders. multifactoral disease 多因子病: one caused by the interaction of genetic and sometimes also nongenetic, environmental factors, e.g diabetes mellitus. Karyotype 核型: a complete set of all the metaphase chromosomes in acell, the chromosome set of an individual or species described in terms of both the number and structure of the chromosomes. Reciprocal translocation相互易位: the complete exchange of fragments between two broken nonhomologous chromosomes, one part of one uniting with part of the other, with no fragments left over. Robertsonian translocation罗伯逊易位translocation involving two acrocentric chromosomes, which fuse at the centromere region and lose their short arms. missense mutation错义突变A mutation in which a base change or substitution results in a codon that causes insertion of a different amino acid into the growing polypeptide chain, giving rise to an altered protein. genetic marker遗传标记A gene or DNA sequence having a known location on a chro