【2017年整理】托福听力速记符号.ppt

1. Abbreviations A: Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references. S? ?=? ?sum f? ?=? ?frequency B: Leave out periods in standard abbreviations. cf? ?=? ?compare e.g.? ?=? ?example  C: Use only the first syllable of a word. pol? ?=? ?politics dem? ?=? ?democracy lib? ?=? ?liberal cap? ?=? ?capitalism D: Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable. pres? ?=? ?presentation subj? ?=? ?subject ind? ?=? ?individual cons? ?=? ?conservative   E: Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation. assoc? ?=? ?associate biol? ?=? ?biology info? ?=? ?information ach? ?=? ?achievement chem? ?=? ?chemistry max? ?=? ?maximum intro??=? ?introduction conc? ?=? ?concentration min? ?=? ?minimum  F: Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word. ppd? ?=? ?prepared prblm? ?=? ?problem estmt? ?=? ?estimate bkgd? ?=? ?background gvt? ?=? ?government G:?Use an apostrophe in place of letters. amt? ?=? ?amount contd? ?=? ?continued govt? ?=? ?government educatl? ?=? ?educational H: Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s. chpts? ?=? ?chapters egs? ?=? ?examples fs? ?=? ?frequencies intros? ?=? ?introductions ?? I: Use g to represent ing endings. ckg? ?=? ?checking estg? ?=? ?establishing decrg? ?=? ?decreasing exptg? ?=? ?experimenting  J: If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter. K: Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words. ? ?=? ?and w/? ?=? ?with w/o? ?=? ?without vs? ?=? ?against  L: Use technical symbols where applicable. zb? ?=? ?German, for example ibid? ?=? ?Latin, the same work o? ?=? ?degrees H2O? ?=? ?water  M: Use g to represent ing endings. Examples: decrg decreasing ckg