2013.10.27托福阅读机经.pdf

2013.10.27 托福阅读机经分析 一、机经内容 第一篇：地质学 讲地下水groundwater 渗透层。讲地下水上面有一层不饱和渗透层 unsaturated layer。开头 有附图。这一层分为三部分，分别是土壤soil，下层土subsoil 和边缘层fringe layer 。分别介 绍这3 部分。前两层都是水的缓冲区域，第三层是被水浸湿的。还讲了它们的构造以及地下 水的循环，水有三个途径：形成地下水、汇入河流和蒸发入大气。 第二篇：天文学 讲月球表面。讲月球表面，出现粘土clay，各个科学家不断证明是陨石撞击形成，而不是火 山，讲了证明过程。 第三篇：古人类学 讲苏美尔历史。几个不同的发展development 改变苏美尔的发展。寺庙Temple 和宫殿Palace 的控制和个人手工艺技术craft 的冲突。从A 时期到B 时期苏美尔重心由农业转商业，权力 逐渐分散到个人手中。词汇：simultaneous 同时的, vast 广阔的，大量的 小结：此次阅读考试三篇文章均符合近年来常见考试学科类别，在之前老师10.20 机经分析 的预测之内，分别为地质学、天文学、古人类学。同学们可以在接下来的考试中可以多留意 一下动物学和科技此两类学术性文章。具体题型仍是常见十大题型，特殊性不强。 二、素材 地下水 在 TPO 中，出现过两次关于地下水的文章，说明该话题是考生们应该多关注一些的，下面 是关于地下水的一些介绍，希望给同学们提供一些帮助。 Groundwater is the water located beneath the earths surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology. Typically, groundwater is thought of as liquid water flowing through shallow aquifers, but technically it can also include soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults.