《Review of solutions to global warming》.pdf

View Online REVIEW /ees | Energy Environmental Science Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security† Mark Z. Jacobson * Received 12th June 2008, Accepted 31st October 2008 First published as an Advance Article on the web 1st December 2008 DOI: 10.1039/b809990c This paper reviews and ranks major proposed energy-related solutions to global warming, air pollution mortality, and energy security while considering other impacts of the proposed solutions, such as on water supply, land use, wildlife, resource availability, thermal pollution, water chemical pollution, nuclear proliferation, and undernutrition. Nine electric power sources and two liquid fuel options are C 0 considered. The electricity sources include solar-photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), 9 9 9 wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, nuclear, and coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) 0 8 technology. The liquid fuel options include corn-ethanol (E85) and cellulosic-E85. To place the electric B / 9 3 and liquid fuel sources on an equal footing, we examine their comparative abilities to address the 0 1 0. problems mentioned by powering new-technology vehicles, including battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), 1 : i hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs), and flex-fuel vehicles run on E85. Twelve combinations of energy o d | g source-vehicle type are considered. Upon ranking and weighting each combination with respect to each r o. of 11 impact categories