AP world history review 世界历史复习资料.doc

UNIT I: FOUNDATIONS (8000 BCE TO 600 CE) Of all the time periods covered in the AP World History curriculum, Foundations (8000?BCE?- 600 CE) spans the largest number of years. It begins with an important Marker Event - the Neolithic Revolution - and ends after the fall of three major classical civilizations -?Rome?in the Mediterranean region, Han China, and the Gupta Empire of?India.? Broad topics addressed in the Foundations time period are: Environmental and?periodization?issues Early development in agriculture and technology Basic cultural, political, and social features of early civilizations:?Mesopotamia,?Egypt,?Indus?Valley,?Shang?China, and?Meso/South America The rise and fall of classical civilizations: Zhou and Han China,?India?(Gupta Empire), and Mediterranean civilizations (Greece?and?Rome) Major belief systems, including polytheism, Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Christianity A NOTE ABOUT PREHISTORY (BEFORE 3500 CE) A basic type of?periodization?is to divide all of time into prehistory and history. Usually the distinction is based on whether or not the people left written records, but the presence of written records is very closely tied to the beginnings of agriculture. Scholars are not entirely sure about when human beings first appeared on earth, but new discoveries continue to push the date further back in time. So prehistory lasted for millions of years. The first humans probably emerged in eastern Africa, due to a happy confluence of availability of food and?domesticable?animals and favorable climate. For thousands of years humans sustained themselves as hunters and gatherers, and as a result were quite dependent on the abundance of food. Hunters gained skills in capturing and killing animals, and gatherers learned which plants and fruits were edible and nutritious. Technological inventions generally supported the fulfillment of these basic activities. Stones (and eventually metals) were shaped as tools and weapons, and techn