Bacon Of Studies.ppt

Francis Bacon  (1561 - 1626) Of Studies Writing Devices Ellipsis (省略) Parallelism (平行结构) Antithesis (对偶句) Simile (明喻) Metaphor (暗喻) Analogy (类比） Comparison/contrast Oxymoron/paradox Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.?Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Decoration Being alone and away from work Conversation/speech Arrangement/management For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. Men with experienced skills Cope with and make judgment about specifc affairs Overall arrangements Macro-planning and high level-handling of affairs knowledgeable To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. Idleness, laziness Unnaturalness to show emotions Strange manner; odd behavior They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Studies make perfect the innate disposition of a man, and are made perfect by practical experience. Trimming, cutting off the unnecessary parts Too broad in general Confined,restrained Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.自以为聪明的人看不起学问，幼稚的人崇拜学问；而明智的人则利用学问，因为学问本身并不教会运用学问的方法; Shrewd and cunning men show contempt for studies because studies do not teach us their own applications. The use of knowledge Outside and beyond studies Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and