发展经济学-林相森中南财大3.ppt

Chapter2ComparativeEconomicDevelopment

CommoncharacteristicsofdevelopingcountriesThesefeaturesincommonareonaverageandwithgreatdiversity,incomparisonwithdevelopedcountries:–Lowerlevelsoflivingandproductivity–Lowerlevelsofhumancapital–Higherlevelsofinequalityandabsolutepoverty–Higherpopulationgrowthrates–Greatersocialfractionalization–Largerruralpopulation-rapidmigrationtocities–Lowerlevelsofindustrializationandmanufacturedexports–Adversegeography–Underdevelopedfinancialandothermarkets–ColonialLegacies-poorinstitutionsetc.

2.1DefiningtheDevelopingWorldWorldBankScheme-rankscountriesonGNP/capitaLIC,LMC,UMC,OECD(seeTable2.1andFigure2.1)

Table2.1ClassificationofEconomiesbyRegionandIncome,2010

Table2.1ClassificationofEconomiesbyRegionandIncome,2010(continued)

Table2.1ClassificationofEconomiesbyRegionandIncome,2010(continued)

Figure2.1NationsoftheWorld,ClassifiedbyGNIPerCapitaSource:DatafromAtlasofGlobalDevelopment,2nded.,pp.10–11.?CollinsBartholomewLtd.,2010.

2.2BasicIndicatorsofDevelopment:RealIncome,Health,andEducationGrossNationalIncome(GNI)GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)PPPmethodinsteadofexchangeratesasconversionfactors(seeFigure2.2)

Figure2.2IncomePerCapitainSelectedCountries(2008)

Table2.2AComparisonofPerCapitaGNI,2008

2.3HolisticMeasuresofLivingLevelsandCapabilitiesHealthLifeExpectancyEducationHDIasaholisticmeasureoflivinglevels

HDIcanbecalculatedforgroupsandregionsinacountryHDIvariesamonggroupswithincountriesHDIvariesacrossregionsinacountryHDIvariesbetweenruralandurbanareas

Table2.3CommonalityandDiversity:SomeBasicIndicators

Figure2.3HumanDevelopmentDisparitieswithinSelectedCountries

Figure2.3HumanDevelopmentDisparitieswithinSelectedCountries(continued)

Table2.42009