宏观经济学9收入与支出.ppt

Chapter 9 income and spending 收入和支出　 Mutual interaction between output and spending Autonomous spending increase output more than one for one .(multiplier effect) The size of the multiplier depends on the marginal propensity to consume and tax rates. 收入和支出具有密切的关系 自发的支出具有乘数效应 乘数效应取决于边际消费倾向和税率 Increase in government spending increase aggregate demand and therefore tax collections. But tax collections rise by less than the increase in government spending, so increased government spending increases the budget deficit. 政府支出提高了总需求和税收总额，但少于政府支出的增加额，所以财政赤字增加 9-1 总需求与均衡产出Aggregate demand and equilibrium output aggregate demand AD=C+I+G+NX equilibrium output Y=AD=C+I+G+NX unplanned inventory IU=Y-AD 总需求 均衡产出 非意愿存货 9-2 消费函数和总需求The consumption function and aggregate demand consumption function C=C+cY The marginal propensity to consume The increase in consumption per unit increase in income The marginal propensity to save 消费函数 边际消费倾向 边际储蓄倾向 消费和储蓄consumption and saving autonomous spending determined outside the model and specially assumed to be independent of income 自发支出自发性： 影响变量在模型之外，特别是独立于收入 主要讨论自发性投资、政府支出、税收、转移支付等 公式的推导(193)： AD=C+I+G+NX Fig9-1 The Consumption Function and Aggregate Demand Fig9-2 Determination of Equilibrium Income and Output the formula for equilibrium output 194页的图与公式 均衡产出的公式  Equilibrium income and output均衡收入和产出 Given the intercept, a steeper aggregate demand function , implies a higher level of equilibrium income. For a given marginal propensity to consume, a higher level of autonomous spending implies a higher level of equilibrium income 两种情形的讨论 A不变，c越大，均衡产出越高 c固定，则A越大，均衡产出越高 结论：C越大，自发总需求越大，则均衡产出越高 saving and investment (储蓄和投资) In equilibrium, planned investment equals saving. I=S +（TA-TR-G）- NX “corn economy”---leftover corn: saved by individuals; corn leftover from government tax collections net of government spending, and any net corn imported from abroad. 在均衡条件下，意愿投资等于储蓄 两部门条件下的公式推导 四部门条件下的分析 公式的推导： 形象的比喻：“