perception and learning in organizations知觉与.PPT

Perception and Learning in Organizations Chapter Three Perception Defined The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us deciding which information to notice how to categorize this information how to interpret information within our existing knowledge framework Selective Attention Characteristics of the object size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty Characteristics of the perceiver Emotional marker process expectations self-concept and beliefs Perceptual Organization/Interpretation Categorical thinking Mostly unconscious process of organizing people/things Perceptual grouping principles Closure -- filling in missing pieces Identifying trends Similarity or proximity Mental models Broad world-views or ‘theories-in-use’ Help us to quickly make sense of situations May block recognition of new opportunities/perspectives Social Perception through Social Identity Categorization process compare characteristics of our groups with other groups Homogenization process similar traits within a group; different traits across groups Differentiation process develop less favorable images of people in groups other than our own Stereotyping Assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category Occurs because: Categorical thinking Innate drive to understand and anticipate others’ behavior Enhances our self-concept Problems with Stereotyping Overgeneralizes Stereotypes don’t represent all or most people in the category Discrimination Systemic Intentional (prejudice) Overcoming stereotype biases Difficult to prevent stereotype activation Possible to minimize stereotype application Attribution Process Internal Attribution Perception that person’s behavior is due to motivation/ability rather than situation or fate External Attribution Perception that behavior is due to situation or fate rather than the person Rules of Attribution Attribution Errors Fundamental Attribution Error attributing own actions to external factors and o