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AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS (美联社生物学方程和公式).pdf

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Appendix A AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample Standard Error Mean based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) x = mean n = size of the sample Standard Deviation Chi-Square o = observed individuals with observed genotype e = expected individuals with observed genotype Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct chi-SquAre tAble possible outcomes minus one. Degrees of Freedom p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51 0.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09 Metric PrefixeS lAwS of ProbAbility Factor Prefix Symbol If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) 9
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