AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS (美联社生物学方程和公式).pdf
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Appendix A
AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND
FORMULAS
StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility
s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample
Standard Error Mean based estimate of the standard deviation of the
population)
x = mean
n = size of the sample
Standard Deviation Chi-Square o = observed individuals with observed genotype
e = expected individuals with observed genotype
Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct
chi-SquAre tAble possible outcomes minus one.
Degrees of Freedom
p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51
0.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09
Metric PrefixeS
lAwS of ProbAbility
Factor Prefix Symbol
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
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