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中级宏观经济学讲解10.ppt

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Intermediate Macroeconomics 10 Nominal v.s. Real ex-rate Nominal exchange rate (e) --- the relative p of currencies of two countries Real exchange rate (ε) --- the relative p of goods in two countries Nominal v.s. Real ex-rate 直接标价法 E = domestic currency / 1 foreign currency ? = domestic product / 1 foreign product 间接标价法 (√)我们一般用的方法 E = foreign currency / 1 domestic currency ? = foreign product / 1 domestic product Nominal v.s. Real ex-rate Nominal v.s. Real ex-rate 美国和我国产的同样款型配置的Ford-IOSIS,一辆国产车换多少美国产车? Nominal v.s. Real ex-rate 1.73辆美国车换一辆我国车 我国车相对较贵。若无贸易壁垒(关税、进口税等),也无运输成本,我国应进口美国同款车。 ? 美国价格↑ 我国价格↓ ? arbitrage would finally make prices to be equal Determinants of Nominal Ex-rate Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 如果没有贸易壁垒和运输成本,同质商品应该在所有市场的价格相同 (ε= 1) The Big Mac Index (1997) The Tall-latte Index (2004) PPP试图将一价法则由单种商品扩展到决定一国经济平均价格水平的一揽子商品。但此前提是: 不存在贸易壁垒和运输费用 所有商品都可贸易 (non-tradable: services, real estate) 各国价格指数包含的商品相同,且各种商品的权重相同 因此,绝对购买力平价法则一般不成立。 相对购买力平价法则 长期, 贸易壁垒和运输成本应该是相对稳定的 即使真实汇率不为一,也应该稳定 相对价格水平变动是决定名义汇率的最主要因素 Determinants of Nominal Ex-rate Δ%e = Δ% ? + Δ%P* - Δ% P Δ%e = Δ% ? + (π* - π) Determinants of Nominal Ex-rate 但长期的相对购买力平价也不成立。Why? 非贸易品 不同商品数量不同,计算汇率困难 利率平价法则 (一价法则扩展到金融资产) 假定只有两种金融资产:货币和债券,则 为什么不考虑本国居民持有外国货币(M*)? 如无资本控制,无投资限制,交易费用相同,且本国债券和外国债券为完全替代,则B和B*的收益率必然相等。否则将出现套利行为。 Is it true that i = i* NO!!! 需要考虑汇率变化! 利率平价法则: 本国资产收益率=外国资产收益率+本币下期贬值率 Determinants of Real Ex-rate Nominal ex-rate is determined by real ex-rate and relative price levels What determines the real ex-rate? Determinants of Real Ex-rate Demand of the domestic currency: NX Supply of the domestic currency: NFI = S – I Determinants of Real Ex-rate Determinants of Real Ex-rate (S-I) is fixed (at a certain level of r* for SOE) Policies Real Ex-rate in the LR SOE --- expansionary fiscal policy G ↑ S↓ r tends to ↑ K flows in till r = r* NFI = (S – I) ↓ ε ↑ (domestic currency appreciates) quantity of NX (出口量) ↓ Policies Real Ex-rate in the LR SOE --- fo
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