第08章ICMP协议详解.ppt
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yn@uestc.edu.cn 网络工程系 电子科大通信学院 Chapter 8 ICMP Types of messages Message format Error reporting Query Checksum ICMP package Overview IP Lack of error control Lack of assistance mechanism ICMP A companion to the IP Provide error reporting for IP Provide assistance mechanism for other layers(TCP/UDP and application) Error Reporting Error Correction IP传输过程中出现差错是不可避免的 IP分组传输出现差错时,会产生相应的ICMP报文 通过ICMP报文提供差错报告 ICMP差错报告只能送给IP分组的源站,协议只提供了差错处理建议 出错点可能不是当前的路由器 反向传输路径可能与原路径不同 Internet Control Message Protocol RFC792:Internet Control Message Protocol,1981 RFC1256:ICMP Router Discovery Messages,1991 Message delivery and Encapsulation ICMP在IP之上实现,逻辑上与IP同在网络层 Connectionless communication 直接送达目的站点,沿途的转发路由器不能获知ICMP报文内容 Encapsulation 8.1 Types of Messages Types 8.2 Message Format 8.3 Error Reporting ICMP just simply report errors ICMP always reports error messages to the original source ICMP error message will NOT be generated for: A datagram carrying an ICMP error message A fragmented datagram that is NOT the first fragment A datagram having a multicast address A datagram having a special address such as 127.0.0.0 or 0.0.0.0 Contents of Data Field for Error Messages 8.3.1 Destination Unreachable When a router cannot route a datagram or a host cannot deliver a datagram The datagram is discarded The router or the host sends a destination unreachable message back to the source Destination Unreachable Codes 8.3.2 Source Quench The lack of flow control for IP ? congestion 主机产生的数据量可能比网络快 不适当的路由使流量过分集中,超过信道容量 路由器的转发性能低 路由器或主机因拥塞丢弃IP分组时,向源站发送ICMP源抑制报文,通知源站放慢分组的发送 The Solution of the Congestion 发送队列缓冲:缓解短暂的突发数据 丢弃报文,产生源抑制ICMP报文给源站 丢弃算法 —— QoS 源站减缓发送速率 源站没有收到源抑制报文后逐步提高发送速率 源抑制报文的拥塞控制能力 只能解决因主机问题造成的拥塞 对因路由或路由器问题造成的拥塞不起作用 8.3.3 Time Exceeded 路由器或主机因分组超时而丢弃IP分组时,向源站发送ICMP超时报文 8.3.4 Parameter Problem 路由器或主机因首部字段格式或取值错误而丢弃报文时,向源站发送ICMP参数问题报文 8.3.5 Redirection 重定向 Format 思考 在以下情况中,重定向报文是否有用? 8.4 Query 8.4.1 Echo Request and Reply To test the reachability of a host 8.4.2 Timestamp Reques
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