南开大学 外国语学院 美国文学 超验主义.doc

Transcendentalism Transcendentalism超验主义 is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy 正统的of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church唯一神论教派, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. 关键字：Against: Calvinism and rationalism of the Unitarian Church Faith: divinity(神性，神学) of humanity and natural world Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent普遍存在的 in each person and in nature每人都有内在的神性 and that individual intuition直觉 is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. 代表人物 The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836) and Self- Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. Individualism: Individualism 个人主义is a moral, political, and social philosophy, which emphasizes individual liberty, the primary importance of the individual, and the “virtues of self-reliance”. It assumes that a person can be socially and culturally free of upbringing 在社会和文化方面独立: 表现在deep-structure language ( s) 语言, family (s) of origin家庭身世, and both formal and informal education and work processes. 关键字：individual liberty/ the primary importance of the individual/ the “virtues of self-reliance” Individualism claims the ability to oppose authority 宣扬有能力与“权威”对抗, and to all manner of controls over the individual 反对一切压抑个人的支配行为, especially w