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屠皓明2012考研英语基础语法.doc

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基础语法讲义 主讲:屠浩民 一、简单句和并列句 1. 简单句的五种形式: (1)主语+谓语(不及物动词); (2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语; (3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语; (4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语; (5)主语+系动词+表语。 两类系动词:①be动词; ②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell等; 2. 并列句:一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。 并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。 连接词: (1)并列关系句型:连接词有and, as well as, either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also… eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends. Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. (2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有but eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk. (3)对比关系的并列句型: eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps. 练习:2009年6月阅读 Cerling‘s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.(简单句) Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. (并列句) 简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。 二、句子成分 句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。 主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成, 定语:修饰名词; 状语:修饰形容词或者动词; 表语:接在系动词后面; (一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。 1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格; I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its. 2 物主代词 ①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词; ②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。    eg: May I borrow your pen?   Mine is missing.  3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。 eg:I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself. 4. 指示代词:this, that, these, those 5. 不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything. 一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别: (1)all, each, every: ① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体; ② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体; eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund. Two girls came,
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