戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 6.ppt

Chapter 6 Pragmatics;What is pragmatics?;The view of traditional semantics ;Pragmatics vs. semantics;Context ;Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning (句子意义与话语意义);The relationship between the two;Speech act theory (言语行为理论);locutionary act (言内行为): the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. (传达字面意义) illocutionary act (言外行为): the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. (表明说话意图) perlocutionary act (言后行为): the effect of the utterance. (话语产生的效果) ;Searle’s classification of speech acts (塞尔对言语行为的分类);Five general categories;2.?directives (指令类): trying to get the hearer to do something, such as inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering. Examples: Open the window! You’d batter go to the clinic. Your money or your life! Would you like to go to the picnic with us? ;3.?commissives (承诺类): committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. (对未来的某个行为作出承诺) That is to say, when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical cases. Examples: I promise to come. I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail. ;4. expressives (表达类): expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating. Examples: I’m sorry for the mess I have made. It’s really kind of you to have thought of me. ;5. declarations (宣告类): bringing about immediate changes by saying something. Examples: I now declare the meeting open. I appoint you chairman of the committee. I fire you! ;Indirect speech acts (间接言语行为);Principle of conversation (会话原则);Cooperate Principle (CP) 合作原则;Four maxims of CP:;The maxim of quantity (数量准则);The maxim of quality (质量准则);The maxim of relation (关系准则);The maxim of manner (方式准则);Conversational implicature (会话含意);Cross-cultural pragmatic failure (跨文化语用失误);Two kinds of pragmatic failure;Assignments