高加索北部出土前四千纪纺织物.pdf
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N.I. SHISHLINA, O.V. ORFINSKAYA and V.P. GOLIKOV
BRONZE AGE TEXTILES FROM THE NORTH CAUCASUS:
NEW EVIDENCE OF FOURTH MILLENNIUM BC FIBRES
AND FABRICS
Summary. Textiles from the North Caucasus Majkop culture (3700–3200 cal
BC) site of Novosvobodnaya were selected for a programme of examination.
Wool, flax and cotton-like plant-fibre threads were identified. This is the oldest
example of wool so far identified in the archaeological record. Weaving
techniques employed in making the textiles included the use of tablets or discs,
and a simple frame. In addition, two dyeing techniques using tannin dyes have
been determined.
background
The Majkop culture of the North Caucasus (Fig. 1) is one of the most spectacular
cultural phenomena of the Bronze Age of Eurasia, famous for its fine metalwork in arsenical
copper or silver (Chernykh 1992, 67–83) and for its richly equipped burials, typically covered
by a large tumulus or kurgan. This culture lasted from 3700–3200 cal BC, according to recent
14C dates (Trifonov 2000). Major excavations on these sites were undertaken in the late
nineteenth century by N.I. Veselovsky during 1897 and 1898,1 both at the eponymous site of
Majkop itself and at the burial-mound of Tsarskaya, later re-named Novosvobodnaya, which
has a stone burial-chamber ( dolmen ). More recently, excavations have taken place at another
such site at the nearby locality of Klady (Rezepkin 2000).2 Although less well known than the
metalwork, organic materials are also preserved in several burials of this period, among which
the textiles are especially important. While they have not received technical examination until
recently, they were mentioned by Popova (1963, 14, fig. 7) in her re-publication of th
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