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高加索北部出土前四千纪纺织物.pdf

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N.I. SHISHLINA, O.V. ORFINSKAYA and V.P. GOLIKOV BRONZE AGE TEXTILES FROM THE NORTH CAUCASUS: NEW EVIDENCE OF FOURTH MILLENNIUM BC FIBRES AND FABRICS Summary. Textiles from the North Caucasus Majkop culture (3700–3200 cal BC) site of Novosvobodnaya were selected for a programme of examination. Wool, flax and cotton-like plant-fibre threads were identified. This is the oldest example of wool so far identified in the archaeological record. Weaving techniques employed in making the textiles included the use of tablets or discs, and a simple frame. In addition, two dyeing techniques using tannin dyes have been determined. background The Majkop culture of the North Caucasus (Fig. 1) is one of the most spectacular cultural phenomena of the Bronze Age of Eurasia, famous for its fine metalwork in arsenical copper or silver (Chernykh 1992, 67–83) and for its richly equipped burials, typically covered by a large tumulus or kurgan. This culture lasted from 3700–3200 cal BC, according to recent 14C dates (Trifonov 2000). Major excavations on these sites were undertaken in the late nineteenth century by N.I. Veselovsky during 1897 and 1898,1 both at the eponymous site of Majkop itself and at the burial-mound of Tsarskaya, later re-named Novosvobodnaya, which has a stone burial-chamber ( dolmen ). More recently, excavations have taken place at another such site at the nearby locality of Klady (Rezepkin 2000).2 Although less well known than the metalwork, organic materials are also preserved in several burials of this period, among which the textiles are especially important. While they have not received technical examination until recently, they were mentioned by Popova (1963, 14, fig. 7) in her re-publication of th
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