species diversity and phylogeographical affinities of the branchiopoda (crustacea) of churchill, manitoba, canada物种多样性和phylogeographical亲和力的鳃足类甲壳纲动物的丘吉尔,加拿大的马尼托巴湖.pdf

Species Diversity and Phylogeographical Affinities of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada 1 ´ ´ 2 1 Nicholas W. Jeffery *, Manuel Elıas-Gutierrez , Sarah J. Adamowicz 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2 Department of Systematics and Aquatic Ecology, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal Unit, Quintana Roo, Mexico Abstract The region of Churchill, Manitoba, contains a wide variety of habitats representative of both the boreal forest and arctic tundra and has been used as a model site for biodiversity studies for nearly seven decades within Canada. Much previous work has been done in Churchill to study the Daphnia pulex species complex in particular, but no study has completed a wide-scale survey on the crustacean species that inhabit Churchill’s aquatic ecosystems using molecular markers. We have employed DNA barcoding to study the diversity of the Branchiopoda (Crustacea) in a wide variety of freshwater habitats and to determine the likely origins of the Churchill fauna following the last glaciation. The standard animal barcode marker (COI) was sequenced for 327 specimens, and a 3% divergence threshold was used to delineate potential species. We found 42 provisional and valid branchiopod species from this survey alone, including several cryptic lineages, in comparison with the 25 previously recorded from previous ecological works. Using published sequence data, we explored the phylogeographic affinities of Churchill’s branchiopods, finding that the Churchill fauna apparently originated from all directions from multiple glacial refugia (including southern, Beringian, and high arctic regi