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高级岩浆岩岩石学第八章岩浆起源和演化资料.ppt

发布:2016-11-03约字共50页下载文档
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1、岩浆起源:熔融与部分熔融 熔 融 作 用(melting):源岩全部发生熔融形成岩浆的过程 富硅的矿物先熔融(熔融温度较低),后结晶; 富铁镁的矿物后熔融,早结晶 深熔作用(anatexis):指的是变质岩尤其是混合岩形成过程中地壳岩石发生分异和部分熔融的过程。 部分熔融(partial melting): 岩石中仅部分矿物发生熔融 在加热过程中,具有最低熔融温度的矿物首先熔融; 在冷凝过程中具最低熔融温度的矿物最后结晶; 部分熔融体是富硅(SiO2)的,未熔的残余是富FeO,MgO的; 大洋(玄武岩)地壳是由贫硅的地幔岩部分熔融形成的; 部分熔融形成的岩浆会聚积和迁移进入岩浆房(分凝和上升作用) 2、Why :熔融原因? Global Heat Flow (2)压力的作用 随压力增大,矿物的熔融温度增高; 热的地幔岩石会由于压力降低而发生熔融 例子:热点和洋中脊 (3)挥发份的作用:降低熔融温度 Seismic Tomographic Image of Iceland Plume Super Plumes? Volatile Fluxing of Mantle Wedge 火成岩成分的多样性 Plagioclase Differentiation Mechanisms Magmatic Cross-Beds in Skaergaard Layered Intrusion Crystal Fractionation of magmas as they rise Assimilation Possible reactions Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 = 2MgSiO3 Olivine + Quartz =Orthopyroxene CaMg2Si2O6 + Al2SiO5 = CaAl2Si2O8 + MgSiO3 Diopside + Sillimanite = Plagioclase + Orthopyroxene Mingling and mixing Melt Inclusions in Quartz in Pantellerite Harker diagram Smooth trends Model with 3 assumptions: 1 Rocks are related by FX 2 Trends = liquid line of descent=path of crystallization 3 The basalt is the parent magma from which the others are derived (a)矿物X从液相L1中分离,液相变为L2 (b)由矿物X和Y构成的C从液相L1中析出,使液相成分变为L2 (c)由矿物X,Y和Z构成的C从液相L1中析出,使液相成分变为L2 岩浆作用对地壳成因的意义 大洋壳由玄武岩构成,而玄武岩来自软流圈上涌(降压)而产生的岩浆产物; 与大陆壳相比,洋壳较薄而更年轻,这是由于洋壳在洋脊缓慢形成而在俯冲带循环回地幔的结果; 大洋壳的平均年龄为~75Ma (范围为0-250Ma); 大陆壳,相当于花岗闪长岩成分,必须至少经历两阶段岩浆事件才能产生: (1)地幔物质熔融产生镁铁质岩浆; (2)镁铁质岩浆分异产生花岗岩留下更富铁镁的堆积岩,或镁铁质岩浆重熔产生花岗质熔体和更富铁镁的残余; (3)富铁镁的堆积岩或残余再循环返回到地幔-拆沉作用或热剥蚀作用。 The motion of the magma past the stationary walls of the country rock creates shear in the viscous liquid Magma must flow around phenocrysts, thereby exerting pressure on them at constrictions where phenocrysts are near one another or the contact ? grain dispersive pressure, forcing the grains apart and away from the contact This is probably a relatively minor effect Thermal gradient at wall and cap ? variation in % crystallized from ~100% at margin to ~0% in the interior Compositional convection can introduce evolved magmas from b
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