8效用最大化要点.ppt

100 112 117 100 118 121 124 59 64 66 67 68 69 73 69 69 77 78 84 84 87 88 89 92 93 94 95 95 95 96 97 98 99 101 100 100 106 100 111 10 11 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 28 29 30 36 39 40 41 41 42 46 47 49 50 51 54 57 58 Chapter 8 Slide * 税收的效应 The Effects of a Tax 在较早的一章,我们学习了厂商如何对投入征税作出反应. In an earlier chapter we studied how firms respond to taxes on an input. 现在,我们将考虑一个厂商如何对产出征税作出反应. Now, we will consider how a firm responds to a tax on its output. 行业的长期供给曲线 The Industry’sLong-Run Supply Curve Chapter 8 Slide * 对竞争性厂商征产出税的效应Effect of an Output Tax on a Competitive Firm’s Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output AVC1 MC1 P1 q1 厂商将把产出 降低到边际成本 加税额等于价格 的那一点上. q2 t MC2 = MC1 + tax AVC2 产出税以其税额幅度 提高厂商的边际成本. Chapter 8 Slide * 产出税对行业产出的影响Effect of an Output Tax on Industry Output Price ($ per unit of output) Output D P1 S1 Q1 P2 Q2 S2 = S1 + t t 税收移动 S1 到 S2, 产出下降到 Q2. 价格上升到P2. Chapter 8 Slide * 长期供给弹性(三种类型:成本不变/递增/递减) Long-Run Elasticity of Supply 1) 成本不变的行业 Constant-cost industry 长期供给是水平线 Long-run supply is horizontal 价格小的上升将诱致极大的产出增加 Small increase in price will induce an extremely large output increase 行业的长期供给曲线 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve Chapter 8 Slide * 长期供给弹性 1) 成本不变行业 Constant-cost industry 长期供给弹性无限大 Long-run supply elasticity is infinitely large 投入容易得到 Inputs would be readily available 行业的长期供给曲线 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve Chapter 8 Slide * 2) 成本递增行业 Increasing-cost industry 长期供给向上倾斜弹性为正Long-run supply is upward-sloping and elasticity is positive 斜率(弹性)取决于投入成本增加率 The slope (elasticity) will depend on the rate of increase in input cost 长期供给弹性通常大于短期弹性 Long-run elasticity will generally be greater than short-run elasticity of supply 长期供给弹性 Long-Run Elasticity of Supply Chapter 8 Slide * 问题: Question: 描述成本递减行业长期供给弹性. Describe the long-run elasticity of supply in a decreasing -cost industry. 行业的长期供给曲线 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve Chapter 8 Slide * 住房的长期供给 The Long-Run Supply of Housing 情景1:业主房 Scenario 1: Owner-occupied