削减损失水量和灌溉水量的灌溉方法-中国节水灌溉网.doc

削减损失水量和灌溉水量的灌溉方法 安养寺久男* 安田裕* Irrigation Method to Reduce Water Loss and Reduce Irrigation Water Hisao ANYOJI* Hiroshi YASUDA* 日本沙丘学会杂志 第54卷 第2号（2007）增刊  削减损失水量和灌溉水量的灌溉方法 安养寺久男( 安田裕( Irrigation Method to Reduce Water Loss and Reduce Irrigation Water Hisao ANYOJI﹡ Hiroshi YASUDA﹡ Summary Developed water resources have to be used sustainably, because the development of new water resources has become very difficult. At the same time, water-use efficiency in irrigation has to be increased. The water-use efficiency of existing irrigation projects is not high but low. Both conveyance efficiency from the water source to fields and application efficiency on each field have to be increased to attain higher water-use efficiency in irrigation. On each field, a reduction in water loss and irrigation water results in the attainment of high application efficiency. The possibility of reduction of water loss and irrigation water is discussed in this paper with relation to irrigation methods, because irrigation methods affect application efficiency. Only the drip irrigation of many micro-irrigation methods meets this objective. The cost of the installation of drip irrigation is the most expensive of the many irrigation methods. However, in areas where water for irrigation is scarce and the necessity to reduce loss and irrigation water is very high, the installation of drip irrigation has to be considered to attain those objectives. Key words: drip irrigation, micro-irrigation, reduce of water loss, reduction of irrigation water 1.前言 安养寺和安田分析了国际灌溉排水委员会（ICID）的调查数据，指出了在灌溉的各个阶段中水的利用效率的实际情况。根据这种实际状况，从水源到田间入口的输水效率（conveyance efficiency）分布在0.22～0.93的较大范围内，平均值为0.58（58%）。同样，田间的灌水效率（application efficiency）分布在0.14～0.87的较大范围内，平均值为0.51（51%）。这些效率汇总计算出的综合灌溉效率（total irrigation efficiency）分布在0.07～0.60的较大范围内，平均值为0.28（28%）。 由此可见，灌溉中的水资源利用效率绝不能算高。要提高综合灌溉效率，就需要同时提高输水效率和灌水效率。本文将探讨在农田田间削减损失水量和灌溉水量的方法，并整理这些方法，使水量的削减成为可能。其结果将会提高灌水效率，并对提高综合灌溉效率做出贡献。