the development of novel therapies for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (aml)发展新的治疗方法治疗急性髓系白血病(aml).pdf

Cancers 2012, 4, 1161-1179; doi:10.3390/cancers4041161 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review The Development of Novel Therapies for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Sarit Assouline 1,*, Eftihia Cocolakis 1 and Katherine L. B. Borden 2,* 1 Department of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; E-Mail: ecocolakis@jgh.mcgill.ca 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Pavillion Marcelle-Coutu, Chemin Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: Sarit.Assouline@mcgill.ca (S.A.); Katherine.Borden@umontreal.ca (K.L.B.B.); Tel.: +1-514-340-8207 (S.A.); Fax: +1-514-340-8733 (S.A.); Tel.: +1-514-343-6291 (K.L.B.B.); Fax: +1-514-343-7379 (K.L.B.B.). Received: 22 August 2012; in revised form: 29 September 2012 / Accepted: 17 October 2012 / Published: 2 November 2012 Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is nearly always a fatal malignancy. For the past 40 years, the standard of care remains a combination of cytarabine and an anthracycline known as 7 + 3. This treatment regimen is troubled by both low survival rates (10% at 5 years) and deaths due to toxicity. Substantial new laboratory findings over the past decade have identified many cellular pathways that contribute to leukemogenesis. These studies have led to the de