第6章 被动与主动.doc
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第六章 被动与主动
(Passive vs.Active) 被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。在某些文体中,使用被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯(passive habit)。S.Baker在“The Practical Stylist”一书中指出:“Our massed,scientific,and bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive voice that you must constantly alert yourself against its drowsyimpersonal pomp.’’动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长了被动句。英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面的原因:
一、施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事(agent)由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动:
1.施事未知而难以言明,如:
The murderer was caught yesterday,and itsaid that he will be hanged.
凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。 2.施事从上下文中可以不言自明,如: She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.
她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。3.施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,如:
Her only son was run over by a car.她的独子被汽车轧了。
有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vague pronoun subject),也用被动句At the tea party they served only tea and cake.At the tea party only tea and cake were served.茶会上只供应茶和饼。
4.由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种微妙的情绪(tact or delicacy of sentiment),例如:
Some things have beenhere tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
二、句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:
1.为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,如:
Some kinds of plastics can forced through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called “fibres”and these fibres can be made into cloth.
有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。
2.为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(end focus)和末端重量(end weight),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯,如:
1 was astoundd that he was prepared to give me a job.
他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。
三、it”、“there”引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。试比较:
There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern f subject—verb—object.有许多方法可以变换英语“主一动一宾”基本句型。The basic English sentence pattern of subject—vetb—object can be varied in many ways. 英语“主一动一宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。
四、文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。R.Quirk等人指出:
There is a notable difference in the frequency with which the active and passive vois are used.The active is generally the more common,but there is considerable variation among individual texts.The
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