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esl第1次课料--段落的写法1.doc

发布:2017-02-17约2.74万字共7页下载文档
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1. 段落 1.段落 段落是构成文章的一组句子。段落必须表达完整的意思:或描写事物(describe something),或争论某事(argue about something),或对某事提出疑问(question something),或要求什么(demand something),或给事物下定义(define something),或驳斥某观点(reject something)。一个段落通常有若干个扩展句。这些扩展句可以处于同一个层次,共同来为主题句服务;也可以在一级扩展句之下用二级扩展句来支持一级扩展句,从而构成扩展句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的扩展句时,必须要合理地安排它们,既要作到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑,又要作到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句,为主题句服务;同时还要注意一级扩展句、二级扩展句等和主题句之间的关系。一级扩展句为主题句服务,二级扩展句支持一级扩展句来说明或论证主题句。 2典型段落的构成一个典型的段落通常由三部分组成:(1)主题句(the topic sentence);(2)说明或支持主题的推展句( supporting sentences);(3)结论句(the concluding sentence)(有些段落没有该部分)。示范段落 We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. In addition, it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.示范段落分析这是一个典型的段落,可概括提纲如下:主题句: We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit,because it causes health problems. 推展句: 1. Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. 2. It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. 结论句: It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society. 从以上提纲可见,主题句提出了一个问题: What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause?随后的两个推展句回答了这个问题,结论句总结了推展句并再一次强调主题句。 示范段落分析 (1)Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. (2)It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. (3)By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. (4)By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. (5)It lowers the costs of many services: without advertiseme
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