发展心理学考研复习.doc

★ 第二章 development theories Freud A. emphasize psychic energy as motivation sources impose on tension systems caused by organs A. two basic drives: self-preservation Eros 三大成分 1. id A. present at birth B. role: to satisfy innate biological instincts 2. ego A. emerge with the abilities to perceive / learn i.e. ★ GRE说法是来自coping with external demands B. role: gratifying insticts using realistic ways 3. superego A. emerge in phallic stage (3-6) B. role: internal censor -- for conscience 五大阶段（性心理发展） ★是xx期，就是用xx部位来满足性本能 1. oral(0-1) 2. anal(1-3) 3. phallic(3-6) - Oedipus complex ; Electra complex - superego emerge 4. latency(6-11) 5. genital(12 and on ) 其他问题 1. libido力比多 - a psychic energy (driving us toward sensual pleasures of all types) 2. fixate 固着 - too much gratification / too much frustration all will lead to fixation in oral: smoking , overeating; passivity and gullibility in anal: orderliness , parsimoniousness, obstinacy in phallic : vanity , recklessness 3. defensive mechanism自我防御机制 repression 压抑 -- the most basic-- pushing painful thoughts out of consciousness denial 否认(视而不见) -- refusing to perceive unpleasant reality displacement 置换（欺软怕硬） -- discharging anger on less dangerous objects identification认同（自我安慰） -- increasing feelings of worth by identifying others fantasy幻想（白日做梦）-- transforming frustrated desires into achievements isolation分离（眼不见为净） -- cutting off emotional charge from hurtful situations projection投射（都怪你） -- placing blame on others retaionalization合理化（强行解释） -- attempting to prove one is rational and worthy the approval reaction formation反向形成（我爱物理） -- endorsing opposite attitudes regression退行（卖萌） -- retreating to low aspiration ; making childish responses sublimination升华（好好赚钱） -- gratifying frustrated sexual desires by socially accepted nonsexual activities Erikson 八个过程 0-1 trust vs mistrust 1-3 autonomy vs shame/doubt 3-6 initiative vs guilt 6-12 industry vs inferiority 12-20 identity vs confusion 20-40 intimacy vs isolation 40