用单臂电桥测电 双臂电桥测小电阻及温度系数.doc
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直流单臂电桥(惠斯通电桥)测电阻
用双臂电桥(开尔文电桥)测小电阻及温度系数
摘要:电桥电路是电磁测量中电路连接的一种基本方式。由于它测量准确、方法巧妙,使用方便,被广泛地应用在仪器的设计和物理量的测量中。直流电桥是用来测量电阻和与电阻有光的物理量的仪器,待测电阻为中值电阻时,用单臂电桥(惠斯通电桥),待测电阻为低值时用双臂电桥(开尔文电桥);交流电桥只要用来测量电容、电感等物理量。本实验用霍斯通电桥测铜电阻,求铜的温度系数,用开尔文电桥测电阻,求铜的电阻率。
关键词:单臂电桥(惠斯通电桥) 双臂电桥(开尔文电桥) 电阻 电阻率 温度系数
Abstract: The bridge circuit is the electromagnetic measurement of circuit connection in a fundamental way. Because it is an accurate measurement, a clever, easy to use, is widely applied in the design of the instrument and measurement of physical quantities. Direct current bridge are used to measure resistance and optical instruments of physical quantities with the resistance, to be measured when the resistance is resistance, with a single arm electric bridge ( Wheatstone bridge ), measurement of resistance for low value with double bridge ( Kelvin bridge ) ; AC bridge as long as the physical quantity used to measure capacitance, inductance,. This experiment with horse power bridge copper resistance, and temperature coefficient of copper, measuring resistance with Kelvin bridge, and the resistivity of copper. Keywords : single arm electric bridge ( Wheatstone bridge ) double bridge ( Kelvin bridge ) in the temperature coefficient of resistivity of low resistance resistors
Keywords : Single arm electric bridge ( Wheatstone bridge ) Double bridge ( Kelvin bridge ) Resistance Electrical resistivity Temperature coefficient
一、理论分析
1.单臂电桥测电阻原理
惠斯通电桥是惠斯通于1843年提出的电桥电路。它由四个电阻和检流计组成,RN为精密电阻,RX为待测电阻(电路图如右图)。接通电路后,调节R1、R2和RN ,使检流计中电流为零,电桥达到平衡,此时有RX=RIRN/R2。
2.双臂电桥测电阻原理
开尔文电桥是惠斯通电桥的变形,在测量小阻值电阻时能给出相当高的准确度。其结构如图3所示,其中R1、R2、R3、R4均为可调电阻,RX为被测低电阻,RN为低值标准电阻。
与惠斯通单电桥对比,开尔文电桥做了两点重要改进:
①增加了一个由R2、R4组成的桥臂。
②RN和RX由两端接法改为四端接法。
其中P1P2构成被测低电阻RX ,P3P4是标准低电阻RN ,P1P2 、P3P4常被称为为电压接点,C1C2、C3C4称为电流接点。保证R3/R1=R4/R2:
a.选定两组桥臂之比为M=R3/R1=R2/R4,将RN做成可变的标准电阻,调节RN使电桥平衡;
b.选定RN为某固定阻值的标准电阻并选定R1=R2为某一值,联调R3与R4使电桥平衡。
R X的计算:调节R1、R2、R3、R4使电桥平衡。此时,Ig=0,I1 = I3,I2 = I4,I5= I6,VB = VD,且有三式联立求解得
3.导体的电阻率
导体
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