biophilia does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being化的视觉接触自然对健康和幸福的影响.pdf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 2332-2343; doi:10.3390/ijerph6092332 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Review Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being? Bjørn Grinde 1,* and Grete Grindal Patil 2 1 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; E-Mail: grete.patil@umb.no * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: bjgr@fhi.no ; Tel.: +47-2107-6420; Fax: +47-2107-6447 Received: 22 July 2009 / Accepted: 27 August 2009 / Published: 31 August 2009 Abstract: It is concluded that an environment devoid of Nature may act as a ―discord‖, i.e., have a negative effect. While the term mismatch is used for any difference between present living conditions and the environment of evolutionary adaptation, discords are mismatches with a potentially undesirable impact on health or quality of life. The problem is partly due to the visual absence of plants, and may be ameliorated by adding elements of Nature, e.g., by creating parks, by offering a view through windows, and by potted plants. The conclusion is based on an evaluation of some fifty relevant empirical studies. K