生理学复习题名词解释英文版.doc

Human Physiology Physiology is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of all living organisms. Human Physiology Human Physiology （人体生理学） is one of the biological sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of human being. Internal Environment Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells Internal environment = Extracellular fluid Homeostasis （ 稳态） Homeostasis means a condition in which physical and chemical properties of internal environment is kept at a “dynamic constancy”. Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment Nervous Regulation a process in which body functions are controlled by the nerve system. Pathway: nerve reflex Structure basis: reflex arc Types: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex Hormonal Regulation a regulatory process performed by hormones or active chemical substances in blood or tissue. Auto-regulation direct response of the organ to stimulus, independent of nervous and hormonal control. Feedback Control System反馈控制系统 a process in which a part of output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or modify the action of the control system. 　 closed loop system　 very important control system Negative feedback If the feedback signals produce effect opposite to action of control system, this type of feedback is called negative feedback. Positive feedbackIf the feedback signals from controlled system increase the action of the control system, this type of feedback is called positive feedback. Feed-Forward Control a direct effect of stimulus (interference or disturbance signal 干扰信号) on control system before action of the feedback signal occurs Fluid Mosaic Model（ 液态镶嵌模型） Fluid：To be able to flow freely as gases or liquids. Mosaic: a special material that can be inlaid into a picture or patchwork. Cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipid molecules ( lipid bilayer ) , in which 　globula