心理语言学 Unit8 Production of Speech and Language.ppt

* * * Production of Speech and Language 苗楚琦 Articulating 1 Self-monitoring 2 Implementing linguistic plans Implementing linguistic plans Three systems of muscles: the respiratory system the laryngeal system the supralaryngeal / vocal tract system A major challenge for speech researchers is to explain how so many different muscles are coordinated so smoothly during the production of speech. Articulating Implementing linguistic plans Motor control of speech Motor control of speech begins with motor commands from the brain. As we assemble a linguistic plan for our utterance, the brain structures responsible for speech production send messages to the muscles in respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal systems. Articulating Implementing linguistic plans Motor control of speech It is general believed that these motor commands to speech muscles take the form of the commands for the articulators to move to a particular location. Coarticulation refers to the condition that the shape of vocal tract for any given sound often accommodates to the shape needed for surrounding sound. anticipatory coarticulation perseveratory coarticulation Articulating Implementing linguistic plans Planning and production cycles Several studies have converged on the conclusion that we alternate between planning speech and implementing our plans.(eg:page 209) Henderson and his colleagues found that all of the participants showed this cycle of hesitation and fluency,although the ratio of speech to silence varied among speakers. These result are consistent with the notion that we plan our utterances in cycles. Articulating Implementing linguistic plans One underlying reason that we tend to hesitate during speech production is that linguistic planning is very cognitively demanding,and it is difficult to plan an entire utterance at once(Lindsley,1975). Some of the linguistic vari