蔬菜移栽机在发展中国家的展望外文翻译、毕业外文文献翻译、中英文翻译.doc

原文1： Transplanters for Use in Developing Countries—A Review Developing countries contribute 72% of the total vegetable production in the world. The transplanting operation is one of the most labor intensive in vegetable production. It is largely done by hand in India and most developing countries and incurs large investments in labor, time,and cost. This article presents the details of construction of vegetable transplanters in addition to recent advances in their development.Performance of transplanters under actual field conditions is discussed. Traditional Methods of Transplanting Vegetable Seedlings Ferminger (1953) reported that in India, for small-scale vegetable gardening, holes of 60 cm diameter and 30 cm deep are manually dug in the field at desired spacings. The soil is mixed with farmyard manure, bone meal,and wood ashes. The hole is then filled to a depth of 15–20 cm and packed. A seedling is placed in the middle of the hole and topsoil is filled around the seedling, compacted, firmed, and soaked with water. A shelter is built to shade the seedling under dry weather conditions. This method does not require any field preparation. A shovel or spade is the only implement used. Classification of Vegetable Transplanters and Seedlings Transplanters are designed based on seedling type to be used. The semiautomatic transplanters can be used for almost all types of seedlings (Table 1). The bare root seedlings are obtained by pulling seedlings directly from nursery beds. The soil block seedlings are obtained by sowing of seeds in moist soil cubes made by mixing soil, peat, compost,and sand (Press, 2001). The cell mold seedlings are grown in flexible plastic (Tsuga, 2000) or heavy-duty injection-molded trays(Horticultural Supplies Co., Mumbai, India) with cells to fill with the soil mix and sow the seed. Trays can contain 128, 200, or 288 cells, in which the arrangement of cells is 8 × 16, 10 × 20, and 12 × 24, respectively(Tsuga, 2000). The Horticultural Suppl