明清环太湖平原海塘与生态环境.pdf

摘 要 海塘是抵御海潮灾害、应对海岸环境的产物。明清时期，环太湖平原海塘 修筑工程浩繁，有利地保障了太湖平原的农业生产和经济生活。与此同时，也 对海岸周边地区的生态环境产生了深远的影响。海塘工程重大，建设材料的采 办更是重中之重，随着海塘建材取用规模扩大，江南地区木材问题和采石问题 也日渐凸显，这恰恰反映了江南山地开发情况。采办海塘桩木呈现的一系列社 会问题反映了江南地区木材供应紧张，桩木取用越来越依靠外来木材，近塘山 地或垦为耕地或重植经济林木，用作海塘桩木的水杉等树种越来越少；而筑塘 石料采办难度加大和山地开发有着密切的关系，迫于资源压力，采石范围逐步 扩大，引起太湖平原周边山地的“封山”运动，这一方面说明了海塘工事影响 范围扩大，另一方面也反映了明清时期人地关系矛盾突出。 海塘采用植被方式护塘，改善了沿海自然和人文景观，护塘地的建设促进了 滩涂淤积，补充了海岸耕地资源。这些涨滩地的开发反映并缓解了人地矛盾。 明清时期海塘是应对海潮灾害的产物，海塘建筑材料与太湖平原生态环境 变迁关系密切。海塘工程中的建材取用和塘外滩地开发无不受环境的制约，反 映了明清时期大型海岸公共工程与环境问题。 关键词：明清；太湖平原；海塘；生态环境 Abstract The seawalls in the Tai Lake Plain were constructed many times during the Ming-Qing Period, enabling protection of the agricultural production and the economic life in Tai Lake Plain advantageously. At the same time, it took a great impact on the environment. The projects were significant. And collection of raw materials was the most important. Along with the scale of the seawalls construction expanding, the raw materials were needed more and more, as well as the lumber and rock selection became harder, which reflected the situations changed in Jiangnan region. All the acquisition of the wood pile reflected the tension of lumber supply in Jiangnan region, so the wood piles accessed to rely on imported timber increasingly, because the local mountain mainly cultivated for farmland or replanted for economic forests. Without a doubt, the wood pile of the seawalls, such as the metasequoia gradually reduced. So as the stone material, which closely related with the means of used the mountain resources. On the other hand, because of the contradictory, the scope of exploitation