ARM微处理器外文中英文翻译.docx

1 The introduction and development of microprocessor1.1 The history of the MicroprocessorThe first microprocessor was originally developed for a calculator, and revolutionary for its time, it contained 2,300 transistors on a 4-bit microprocessor that could perform only 60,000 operations per second. The first 8-bit microprocessor was the Intel 8008, developed in 1972 to run computer terminals. The Intel 8008 contained 3,300 transistors. The first truly general-purpose microprocessor, developed in 1974, was the 8-bit Intel 8080 (see Microprocessor, 8080), which contained 4,500 transistors and could execute 200,000 instructions per second. Modern Microprocessors have much greater capacity and speed. They include the Intel Pentium Pro, containing 5.5 million transistors.1.2 The future Technology of the MicroprocessorThe technology of microprocessors and integrated-circuit is developing rapidly. Currently, the most sophisticated microprocessors contain about ten million transistors. By the year 2000, advanced microprocessors are expected to contain more than 50 million transistors, and about 800 million by 2010.Lithographic techniques will also require improvements. By the year 2000, minimum element size is less than 0.2 micros. At these dimensions, even short-wave-length ultraviolet light may not reach the necessary resolution. Alternative possibilities include using very narrow beams of electrons and ions or replacing optical lithography with lithography that uses X rays of extremely short wavelength. Using these technologies, clock speeds could increase to more than 1,000 MHz by 2010. It is expected that the limiting factor in microprocessor performance will be the behavior of the electrons themselves as they are propelled through the transistors. At extremely small dimensions, quantum effects due to the wavelike nature of electrons could dominate the behavior of transistors and circuits. New devices and circuit designs may be necessary as microprocessors approach ato