二战时期德国法西斯曾经做过一个残忍的试验.doc

对于心理暗示，《心理学大词典》上是这样描述的：“用含蓄、间接的方式，对别人的心理和行为产生影响。暗示作用往往会使别人不自觉地按照一定的方式行动，或者不加批判地接受一定的意见或信念。”英国作家索利恩所著的心理小说《新鲜空气》中讲述了这样一个故事：主人公威尔逊喜欢新鲜空气的程度，无人能及。一年冬天，他到芬兰的一家高级旅馆住宿。那年冬天奇冷，因而窗子都关得严严实实的，以防寒流袭击。尽管房间里舒服无比，但威尔逊一想到新鲜的空气一丝都透不进来时，他非常苦恼，辗转难眠。到了最后，他实在无法忍受，便捡起一只皮鞋朝一块玻璃样的东西砸去，听到了玻璃碎裂的声音后，他才安然进入梦乡。第二天醒来，展现在他眼前的是完好如初的窗子和墙上破碎的镜框。索利恩的这篇小说涉及了一个重要的心理学概念――暗示。日常的生活环境总是给我们提供了各种暗示。心理学家注意到，在肮脏的环境里，提示人们注意清洁、保持秩序总不见效；相反，在严肃、整洁的环境里，人们却老实得多。这也不奇怪，谁好意思往红地毯上吐痰呢？在办公室里摆过多的沙发，甚至摆一张床都会使人时时困倦，因为这些摆设总是在暗示我们：该休息一会了，如果办公桌上摆一只烟缸，那么，桌子的主人就会因烟缸的暗示不断地吸烟……可以说，我们都生活在“暗示”的世界中。Pygmalion Effect） Pygmalion effect: The experimenter-efficacy effect, or Rosenthal Effect, refers to the phenomenon in which the researchers tacit (understood without being put into words; implied 暗示的) hypothesis or expectancy can become a self-fulfilling prophecy of the subjects responses. In other words, it refers to the case where people tend to behave the way others expect them to. In a famous field experiment on the Pygmalion effect in children, carried out by the German-born US psychologist Robert Rosenthal (born 1933) and the US schoolteacher Lenore F. Jacobson (born 1926) and published in a book entitled Pygmalion in the Classroom (1968), the researchers applied a standard IQ test to children in an elementary school in San Francisco at the beginning of an academic year, selected 20 per cent (about five children per class) at random, and told their teachers that the tests suggested that these children were potential academic ‘spurters’ who could be expected to show unusual intellectual gains in the year ahead. When the children were retested at the end of academic year, the ‘spurters’ showed massive IQ gains relative to the other children, especially in the first and second grades (6–7-year-old children): 20 per cent of the ‘spurters’ gained at least 30 IQ points, and 80 per cent gained at least 10 IQ points. These gains were presumably due to subtle effects of the teachers expectations on the way they handled the children, but the