余热锅炉汽包开裂原因分析.pdf
50化工装备技术第45卷第6期2024年12月
压力容器
余热锅炉汽包开裂原因分析
林寅*
(福建省锅炉压力容器检验研究院漳州分院)
摘要若焊接时坡口形式和焊接规范不合理,加上使用过程中操作管理不当,将会对锅炉安
全运行产生重大影响。以某台余热锅炉汽包内表面开裂为例,通过资料审查、宏观检查、无损
检测和理化检验等方法对汽包内表面开裂机理进行了分析和研究。结果表明,汽包内表面发生
开裂的主要原因为对接焊口坡口钝边较大,为了获得较大熔深,采用大电流和小焊速的焊接工
艺,导致焊接接头过热,产生魏氏组织,从而增加了裂纹敏感性。在使用过程中,由于除氧器
及省煤器失效,导致给水温度过低,同时,锅炉水容积大幅减小,给水频率显著增加,裂纹敏
感性较强的焊缝及其热影响区在给水冷冲击的循环作用下,产生疲劳裂纹。
关键词余热锅炉魏氏组织冷冲击疲劳裂纹
中图分类号TK223DOI:10.16759/j.cnki.issn.1007-7251.2024.12.011
AnalysisofCrackingCausesofWasteHeatBoilerSteamDrum
LINYin
Abstract:Ifthegrooveformandweldingspecificationselectionarenotreasonableduringwelding,coupled
withimproperoperationandmanagementduringuse,itwillhaveaseriousimpactonthesafeoperationofthe
boiler.Takingthecrackingoftheinnersurfaceofawasteheatboilersteamdrumasanexample,themechanism
ofcrackingontheinnersurfaceofthesteamdrumwasanalyzedandstudiedthroughmethodssuchasdatareview,
macroscopicinspection,non-destructivetesting,andphysicalandchemicaltesting.Theresultsshowedthatthe
mainreasonforthecrackingoftheinnersurfaceofthesteamdrumwastheexcessivebluntedgeofthebuttweld
groove.Inordertoobtainalargerpenetrationdepth,aweldingprocesswithhighcurrentandlowweldingspeed
wasadopted,resultinginoverheatingoftheweldingjointandtheformationofWidmanstättenstructure,thereby
increasingthesensitivityofcracks.Duringuse,thefailureofthedeaeratorandeconomizerresultedinalow
feedwatertemperature.Atthesameti