生命科学导论第四章.ppt

Chap 4. Cell structure and function Contents 4.1 The cell history 4.2 Cell membranes 4.3 Getting through membranes 4.4 Cell size 4.5 Organelles composed of membranes 4.6 Nonmembranous organelles 4.7 Nuclear components 4.8 Major cell types Key terms Active transport主动运输 Aerobic cellular respiration 细胞有氧呼吸 Centriole 中心粒 Chromosomes 染色体 Diffusion 扩散 Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Eukaryotic cells 真核细胞 Facilitated diffusion 易化扩散 Golgi apparatus 高尔基体 Organelles 细胞器 Osmosis 渗透 Phagocytosis 吞噬作用 Photosynthesis 光合作用 Prokaryotic cells 原核细胞 Protoplasm 原生质 4.1 The cell history Anton van Leeuwenhoek 列文虎克 (1632-1723) used the first microscope to examine biological specimens and see individual cells. He was the first to see individual cells He called them “animalcules 微生物.” The cell history Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is the first person to use term ‘cell’ (Hooke 1666) The cell history Mathias J. Schleiden 施莱登 stated that all plants are made up of smaller cellular units in 1938 Theodor Schwann 索多 施旺 published the idea that all animals are composed of cells in 1939 Five things in common Cell membranes (细胞膜） Cytoplasm （原生质体） Genetic material （遗传物质） Energy currency （能量流） Enzymes and coenzymes （酶和辅酶） 4.2 Cell membrane Cell membrane (细胞膜) are thin sheets composed primarily of phospholipids (磷脂）and proteins （蛋白质） Cell membrane The phospholipid (磷脂）molecules of the membrane have one end (the glycerol甘油 portion) that is soluble in water called hydrophilic (loving), the other end is not water soluble called hydrophobic (fear), is composed of fatty acid. 4.3 Getting through membranes跨膜运动 Diffusion (扩散) Osmosis (渗透) Dialysis (透析) Facilitated diffusion (易化扩散), Active transport (主动运输） Phagocytosis (吞噬作用） Diffusion Diffusion is a net movement of a kind of molecule from a place with higher concentration to a place where that molecule is more scarce (缺乏的，不足的) The direction is always high-to-low concentration Diffusion The direction is always high-to-low concentration Osmosis 渗透 Cell memb