天体物理讲座 星系中心的超大质量黑洞.pptx

星系中心的超大质量黑洞I天体物理前沿系列讲座：

问题星系中心的黑洞怎么探测？什么样才算充分的证据？是否每个星系中心都有超大质量黑洞？中心黑洞和星系是否相关？大质量黑洞怎么形成的，或者种子拿来的，怎么增长的？黑洞还是星系先形成？

星系中心黑洞的证据Ablackholeisaregionofspacefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Itistheresultofthedeformationofspacetimecausedbyaverycompactmass.Aroundablackholethereisanundetectablesurfacewhichmarksthepointofnoreturn,calledaneventhorizon.测量黑洞围绕致密和视界M/R引力场:引力红移

一些数量级估计引力半径光穿越时标Eddington光度Eddington时标

MilkyWayCenter:X-rayLightViewLurkingwithinourgalaxy’shot,turbulentcenterarex-raybinaries,neutronstars,andevenasupermassiveblackhole.NASA/U.Mass/D.Wang,etal.

Asuper-massiveblackholeinourbackyard:SagittariusA*Themassofthecentralblackholecanbeestimatedfromthemotionofthesestars:it’s4.5+-0.4millionsolarmasses(Ghezetal2008)!

这些测量中心暗质量只是在尺度100rs上，怎么能认定是黑洞？可以排除已知天体的可能性，如小质量星团,动力学不稳定在107yr内塌缩黑洞未知玻色星？毫米波射电VLBI，产生射电辐射区域10rs排除玻色星可能（沈志强等2006）其他如快速X-射线光变/10分时标，

其他星系中心暗质量测量1、Stellarkinematics+surfacebrightness+dynamicequilibriumequation(Jeansequation)ρ*isderivedfrommodelingsurfacebrightness?rcanbemeasuredfromstellarkinematicdata

GravitationalinfluenceradiusBlackholecansignificantlyaffectanobject’smotion,?*isstellarvelocitydispersion.for?*oforderof300km/s,M?~108M☉,Rin~1pcd~100Mpc,?angularseparation~1arcsecSub-arcsecresolutionisrequiredinordertodetectthegravitationaleffectofasupermassiveblackholeeveninarelativenearbygalaxies!!

gaskinematicsinadisk?massviaKeplerian-lawhighresolution,emissionlines,maserorHalphaemission

CentaurusA:VisibleLightViewCentaurusAisanearbygalaxythatisthoughttobetheresultofamergeroftwosmallergalaxies.What’sbehindthedust?M.Rejkuba(ESO-Garching)etal.,ISAAC,VLT

ANTUtelescope,ESOParanalObservatory

CentaurusA:X-rayLightViewAtelltalesignofablackholeisahigh-energyjetblastingintospa