多级闪蒸海水淡化原理.doc
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多级闪蒸海水淡化原理
多级闪蒸海水淡化是将经过加热的海水,依次在多个压力逐渐降低的闪蒸室中进行蒸发,将蒸汽冷凝而得到淡水。下面是有关于多级闪蒸海水淡化的原理及相关内容的介绍,一起来看看。
将原料海水加热到一定温度后引入闪蒸室,由于该闪蒸室中的压力控制在低于热盐水温度所对应的饱和蒸汽压的条件下,故热盐水进入闪蒸室后即成为过热水而急速地部分气化,从而使热盐水自身的温度降低,所产生的蒸汽冷凝后即为所需的淡水。多级闪蒸就是以此原理为基础,使热盐水依次流经若干个压力逐渐降低的闪蒸室,逐级蒸发降温,同时盐水也逐级增浓,直到其温度接近(但高于)天然海水温度。
经过澄清和加氯消毒处理的海水,首先送入排热段作为冷却水。离开排热段的大部分冷却海水又排回海中,小部分作为进料海水(补给海水),经预处理后,从排热段末级闪蒸室流入第一级闪蒸室,如技术原理所说明的那样,逐级降压,海水逐级降温,连续产出淡化水。
多级闪蒸的造水比,是所得淡水(蒸馏水)的重量与所耗加热蒸汽的重量之比,是淡化厂经济效益的直接体现,通常小型装置的造水比较小,大型装置的造水比较高,如日产淡水几百吨或四、五千吨的装置,造水比一般为5-8左右;日产淡水一万吨的装置,造水比多在10左右;日产淡水四、五万吨的装置,造水比可达到13-14。
多级闪蒸流程图
多级闪蒸与其他淡化技术相比,具有如下的优点:
①.由于此方法加热与蒸发过程分离,并未使海水真正沸腾(仅是表面沸腾),从而大大改善了一般蒸馏的结垢问题;
②.技术成熟可靠,运行安全性高,特别适合于大型的海水淡化应用;
③.设备机构简单,投资成本较低。
而其主要缺点有:
①.大量海水的循环和流体的输送,导致操作成本升高;
②.与多效蒸馏法相比,需要较大的热传面积;
③.总是与发电站联合使用。
可用于以火电厂或核电厂的背压或抽汽式透平的低位蒸汽为热源的大型海水淡化工程,为高中压锅炉提供优质脱盐水,也可是生活用淡水。
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