美国文学名词解释美国文学名词解释.doc

（一）About Puritanism清教主义 1.“would-be purifier”They wanted to purify the English Church and to restore church worship to the “pure and unspotted”condition of its earlier days .They opposed the elaborate rituals of the English Church. They believed that the Bible was the revealed word of God, therefore, people should guide their daily behavior with the Bible. 2.Basic Puritan Beliefs（1） Total Depravity - through Adams fall, every human is born sinful - concept of Original Sin.（2） Unconditional Election - God saves those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination（3） Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone.（4）Irresistible Grace - Gods grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.（5）Perseverance of the saints - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God - something impossible in Puritanism. 2.The impact of Puritanism (1)High standards of moral excellence and conscience ;(2) Emphasis on education(3)Hard working, thrifty, independent spirit;(4)“Chosen people” consciousness .(诺斯替教） Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use ones intelligence without the guidance of another.@A term used to describe the trends in thought and letters in Europe and the American colonies during the 18th century prior to the French Revolution. The precursors of the Enlightenment can be traced to the 17th century and earlier.@The phrase was frequently employed by writers of the period itself, convinced that they were emerging from centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and a respect for humanity. Romanticism （浪漫主义） As an approach in literary creation, romanticism is ever present in literature of all t