热扩散系数和蓄热系数的区别.doc
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The difference between thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity
航23 岑建航 学号:2012011575
热扩散系数(thermal diffusivity): ; 其中‘λ’为物体的导热系数,即在傅里叶定律中,单位时间内通过单位截面积传导的热量正比于当地垂直于截面方向上的温度变化率的绝对值。 为物体的密度, 为物体的定压比热容。由热扩散的定义可知,分子越大即物体的导热系数越大,在相同的温度梯度下可以传导更多的热量。分母是单位体积的物体温度升高一摄氏度所需的热量,分母越小,物体就可以剩下更多的热量继续向物体内部传递,从而使物体内温度扯平的能力越大。由此可看出热扩散系数是材料在自己本身内部传播温度变化能力大小的指标。热扩散系数越大,材料由非稳态到稳态的过度时间越短。
蓄热系数(thermal effusivity):(来自维基百科,但是本人没有推导出,而且本式单位明显不当,出现了时间项的-0.5次方);当某一足够厚度单一材料层一侧受到谐波热作用时,物体表面温度将按同一周期波动。通过表面的热流波幅与表面温度波幅的比值是材料在周期性热作用下得出的一个热物理量即蓄热系数。通俗的讲就是材料储存热量的能力。以下为引用的英文原文:
Thermal effusivity is the square root of the product of thermal conductivity (λ) and heat capacity (ρ c), effusivity = (λ ρ c).1/2.
It is a heat transfer property that determines the interfacial temperature when two semi-infinite objects at different temperatures touch; for example, imagine the difference between touching a piece of metal as opposed to a piece of wood: the metal effusivity is higher, leading to the sensation that the metal feels colder, even though it was at the same initial temperature as the wood. The effusivity of materials varies due to their differing ability to transfer heat. This is due to differences in heat transfer through and between particles, and is therefore a function of particle size, particle shape, density, morphology, crystallinity and moisture content. For example, powders have effusivities that are strongly correlated with their moisture content. In conclusion, thermal effusivity characterises the transient thermal behavior that occurs when two material are brought into contact with each other.
两者的区别:热扩散系数表现的是物体的温度扩散能力,即一个物体使自身达到稳态的能力。热扩散系数越小的物体局部的高温扩散到低温区的时间越长。而蓄热系数的大小表明了在物体和外部环境处于非稳态时物体能从外界环境吸收的热量值。比如外界环境温度突然升高时,蓄热系数越大的物体温度变化速率较小,吸收热量较多。因此热扩散系数表明的是物体内部传热的能力,蓄热系数表明的是物体保持自身温度的能力。
应用:首先分析一下两者的联系。可猜测热扩散系数越大的物体蓄热系数就越大。因为热扩散系数越大,物体吸收或者放出热量后可以更快的将热量传递到或者传递出物体,从而减慢与外界接触的表面的温度变化速率,间接增大了蓄热系数。
热扩散系数的应用:
热扩散系数在众多科学领域有着重要的作用。例如,在地球科学方面,近地面层的热量交换,取决于净辐射,湍流扩散系数和土壤的热特征,特别是土壤的热特性决定着由地表面传递到土壤中的热通量和
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